Importance of English in the Current Job Market

Importance of English in the Current Job Market The present paper seeks to analyze the current Job market scenarios and the importance of role of English in it and how IT is bridging the gap between the two. Out of the major job markets of the world, majority are from the countries where English is the main language or efforts are being made to make it one of the main language or efforts are being made to make it one of the main languages. It would not be wrong to say that English can be great GDP improving factor for a country in the current times. Now having been accepted universally by the doyens of industry the fact about the importance of English, the most logical question which comes to mind is the ease of use and the access to the stuff related to literature and language of the English. This is being facilitated by IT with its treasure of informational tools and portals. On one hand It is teaching and training people in English language and on the other hand giving the trained and skilled people access to the best of job ma rkets of the world which otherwise wouldnt be possible to find conventionally. The Economy of India is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP[1] and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) Following strong economic reforms from the post-independence socialist economy, the countrys economic growth progressed at a rapid pace, as free market principles were initiated in 1991 for international competition and foreign investment. Other studies underscore that the Indian recovery has probably been the fastest among world markets, and confidence levels have also risen in tandem. The quarterly Employment Outlook Survey by Manpower, a world leader in the area of workforce solutions, says that Indias hiring outlook is the most optimistic among the 36 countries and territories included in the report, which is for the April-June 2010 quarter. No doubt that the Indian economy has been treading an exceptional growth path since the last decade. Being the least hit of all economies, the Indian economy has really survived the storm of global financial crisis. Rating agencies like, Moodys, have stated that the strong performance is a resultant factor of renewed growth between India and China. According to a report by the Associated Chambers of Commerce Industry (Assocham), the Indian economy will create 87.37 million new jobs by 2015. The study was released in March by the secretary of the Planning Commission, which gave the projections an official seal of approval. According to Assochams survey, the most significant growth will come from the manufacturing sector, which will add 32% (27.88 million) of the new jobs. Trade will be next with 24.24 million jobs, following construction with 15.13 million. Tourism-related employment, information technology (IT) and IT-enabled services (ITeS), and financial services will also grow. Taking the leading indicators of India economy into consideration, it suggests that the India economy will definitely continue to improve in a steadfast pace. The ongoing interest rates, exchange rate, stock market index indicate that the economic conditions have been let loose for a considerable time period and should be managed in a manner that the business confidence index improves. The Indian economy has been propelled by the liberalization policies that have been instrumental in boosting demand as well as trade volume. The growth rate has averaged around 7% since 1997 and India was able to keep its economy growing at a healthy rate even during the 2007-2009 recession, managing a 5.355% rate in 2009 (India GDP Growth). The biggest boon to the economy has come in the shape of outsourcing. Its English speaking population has been instrumental in making India a preferred destination for information technology products as well as business process outsourcing. Globalization in India has allowed companies to increase their base of operations, expand their workforce with minimal investments, and provide new services to a broad range of consumers. One of the major forces of globalization in India has been in the growth of outsourced IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. The last few years have seen an increase in the number of skilled professionals in India employed by both local and foreign companies to service customers in the US and Europe in particular. Taking advantage of Indias lower cost but educated and English-speaking work force, and utilizing global communications technologies such as voice-over IP (VOIP), email and the internet, international enterprises have been able to lower their cost base by establishing outsourced knowledge-worker operations in India. However, the service sector is greatly expanding and has started to assume an increasingly important role. The fact that the Indian speaking population in India is growing by the day means that India has become a hub of outsourcing activities for some of the major economies of the world including the United Kingdom and the United States. Outsourcing to India has been primarily in the areas of technical support and customer services. India is a vast country with different languages in different parts of the country. These regional languages differ from each other so much that it is not possible to communicate with people of other regions without a common language. Further, India is growing on all fronts whether it is social or economic angle. India is on the road to become a strong and prosperous nation in the world. India is trying to maintain a good foreign policy. For all this, there is need of a common language i.e., English. It is this language which is understood almost all over the region in addition to national language of Hindi, all schools and colleges teach English and mostly have it as a medium of instruction. In todays world, we have to get knowledge of advanced technologies and all kinds of branches of Science. There is an urgent need of such a common language which can be understood by youth all over India and the language in which all data and information is available. It is English only which can be rightly selected as the language to be studied by all of us from the very primary level. This language is a store house of social and political knowledge. Hence, study of English language is of great importance for a developing country like India. Without knowledge of this language, our technicians, mechanics and engineers cannot progress. Today, USA and other countries have made tremendous progress in the field of science and technology. In space technology, we are no match to them. The world is making progress in these fields at a terrific speed. To increase and encourage more research work in Science and Technology, we have to study all these subjects in detail. And for this the importance of English cannot be denied. Our own regional languages do not have the depth and capacity to understand and co relate all these technological developments and as such, cannot served the purpose to keep pace with the fast growing world outside. Most of the best books on all such subjects are available in English language only. We cannot translate it all in our own regional languages, therefore, knowledge of English can only prove to be a blessing. Some subject like Science, Mathematics and technology books must be taught in English only. This fact is being realized now by those who had opposed teaching in English few years ago. They now know that we have not been able to prosper like other countries of the world due to keeping ourselves away from English. It is this language which can uplift us not only within our own country but throughout the world. We will be no less than anybody in the world with knowledge of English. English in India is a legacy from the British who colonized the country and their language permeated through some of the most important parts of society: the government, the media, the education system, the legal system, and gradually the social sphere as well. India is a vast nation and in terms of number of English speakers, it ranks third in the world after USA and the UK. An estimated 4 percent of the population use English and even though this may seem like a small number that is about 40 million people. This small segment of the population controls domains that have professional and social prestige. It is certainly considered instrumental in terms of having access to information from all over the world and as a key factor for professional success, but it is also very much a part of the educated middle and upper class persons life especially of the youth in India. The Education System: In higher education English is the premier prestige language. Careers in any area of business or commerce, or within the government, or in science and technology require fluency in English. It is taught in schools ranging from the most elite private schools to small government schools because only this language is an acceptable medium of communication through the nation. A 2008 report by software lobby group Nasscom, have shown only 10-15% graduates are employable in business services and only 26% engineers in technical services due to educational deficiencies. English in India has, indeed, come far from its original uses in the colonial times when it was mostly used as the language of the government. Nowadays, English has spread into many new domains, also the more personal ones, such as the family and friendship. English has, also, acquired new functions, including the self-expressive or innovative function. Today, in fact, it is hard, almost impossible to think of English as it is used in India only simply as another foreign language. In the domains of education, government and employment English shows itself, without doubt, as the most preferred medium. The Future of English in India The language has already been well established in the country and has acquired its own independent identity. With the number of foreign investors flocking to India and the growth of outsourcing, English has come to play a key role in professional relationships between foreign and Indian companies. Familiarity with the differences between American and British English has definitely grown as much business communication is carried out according to the language style with which a client is comfortable. Now we go back and examine what would have happened had Hindi been the national languages, and with English sidelined. Many foreign companies would have come to India even if it was a Hindian nation, but in the absence of a sound knowledge of English, India would have been just been a trade hub, not something where development would take place. Indian companies would not have been able to export as much. India would not have become a development centre for the other nations. We would NOT have been recognised as a nation with huge, economic and quality human resource.We would not have been able to interact much with the world outside. IT companies, telecommunication companies, and other companies would not have decided to come to India. We would not have had Indian companies in these fields make their global footprint. Even now there are many countries which offer much cheaper labour than India, but the reason India became a outsourcing hub was because India managed to strike a very g ood balance between cost and quality. In fact this is very similar to what globalisation is currently doing in Africa. Given the current lack of exposure for technology in India, the lack of English knowledge would have only made it worse. The Indian education system places strong emphasis on mathematics and science, resulting in a large number of science and engineering graduates. Mastery over quantitative concepts coupled with English proficiency has resulted in a skill set that has enabled India to reap the benefits of the current international demand for IT. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers, As the economy expands, Indias job recruitment market is also expected to grow in line and double at Rs 2,000 crore in the next five years, a top industry official said. The growth in Indias economy has helped bring about a tremendous growth in the manufacturing, banking and services sectors in the country. The job recruitment market here is set to grow at 20 per cent per annum and touch the Rs 2,000 crore mark in five years from the present Rs 1,000 crore, Esource Indias Managing Director Nitin Deveshwar told PTI here. To improve the job quotient for the jobseekers in the burgeoning economy, they need to keep themselves abreast with the latest trends in the dynamic market.This gap is shortened by the various mode of teaching is also taught through internet enabled websites.There are various web sites which can enhance the skill sets of the potential job seekers to the required level. Now as the English is the default language of the majority of web users, it also takes the usage of English to the new level thereby developing a typical web-enabled Glossary and lingo.It has also been observed that writing e-mails and in various social networking sites where people pour out their feelings ,improves their English writing capabilities. There have been various prestigious Government sponsored projects going on to improve the skill-sets of the teachers in Indian universities and its affiliated colleges. And one among them is National Mission on Education through ICT sponsored by MHRD (Ministry of Human Resource and Development).This pilot project has been started primarily to impart the best teaching practices of the premier Indian Institutes like IITs to their counterparts of not so famous and prominent colleges and universities of the country.The author has had the privilege to attend couple of workshops taught by one the best IIT Professors through ICT (Information and Communication Technology).As these workshops are attended by the teachers from length and breadth of the country, it is natural that the mode of communication is in English. When these best practices are taught to the students , it improves the skills and makes them more marketable in the growing job market. There are various job portals where after the completion of the required education, the job seekers can apply to find suitable jobs. E-recruiting remains as an important tool linking recruiters and employers with potential employees; however, e-recruitings role in the big picture is evolving.E-recruiting plays an important role in linking recruiters and employers with candidates they otherwise wouldnt have known existed. There are plenty of online job sites. One should focus on the sites that are related to ones profile and interests in order to optimize the job search efforts. Various online job sites are Naukri.com, timesjobs.com, monsterindia.com, jobsahead.com etc. a first good step in a career search is to apply for a job through search firms and online job sites. Increasingly, companies rely upon these and other online job resource databases and search firms to advertise opportunities and to solicit available labor resources. Many companies have up-to-date websites where a job applicant can contact the companys human resource department and search the job opportunities listed. Contacting the human resource department by email is also an acceptable way to inquire about a position. A typical job portal has broadly following parts: S.No. Name Description 1. Employer Login Employers can advertise their jobs, can peruse the already uploaded resumes of various candidates. Besides this the employers can also put advertisements about their organizations on these portals. 2. User login Prospective job seekers can upload their resumes under their own login id and passwords and can update it at the required times. 3. Search of Jobs by Company Name Jobs can be searched by company name. 4. Search of Jobs by Location Jobs can be searched by the location (City-wise) 5. Search of Jobs by Category Jobs can be searched by category-wise e.g- Automobile, Software, Pharma etc. 6. International Jobs Jobs can also be searched Country-wise 7. Resume services Helps the prospective job seekers in the development of resume. 8. Jobs on SMS Job that matches the detailed profile and preferences already mentioned in the profile. This is a free service provided by many portals. The user has only to sms a number through his mobile and he gets back the matching job to his skills.

Criminal Justice Essay

Dear Sir: As far as I know, the Abstract (also this email’s attachment), is written as the final section of the Paper, after everything is said and done. Because you are the one doing the methods, the analyses, the results, and the discussion, I leave it up to you to key in the two or three remaining sentences for the final Abstract. Hence, the initial Abstract: â€Å"In an attempt to initiate a reliable measure of the levels of perceptions of Criminal Justice Major Undergraduate College Students, this study possibly sharpens the definition of predictive behavior of the students who as respondents were surveyed by use of carefully formulated questionnaires to determine their general perceptions of the U. S. Criminal Justice System, their general perceptions on immigration law, immigration reform, and immigration control, as well as the students’ specific perceptions on the U. S. ’s ongoing Mexican immigration control. To perform comparison, the perception scores were statistically analyzed carrying out correlation test, t-test, and regression analyses tests between the general perception scores versus the specific perception scores. The results showed that   † Thank you very much. Very truly yours, Writer of†32344972† Urgent revision xxx Urgent revision on your â€Å"A STUDY OF UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE CRIMINAL JUSTICE MAJOR STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM†. Date Revision Deadline Instructions March 19 8:16 March 20 8:16 I am still waiting for the Abstract to be downloaded in a Word document to complete my order. Once again, this was one of the three items I requested in my order. xxx

Debate on Genetically Modified Food Essay

For millions of years, the world has evolved and developed, by selective breeding to adapt into the society, which it is today. Natural adaptations and changes have occurred in various species of plants and animals, which even modern scientists cannot explain. Our world has survived for†¦ well forever, without genetically enhanced produce, so why should it invade humanity now, just because ‘we can’? Many scientists, who are in favour of GM foods, claim that it is simply the next step on from selective breeding; however they seem to have overlooked one difference. Genetic modification of anything requires the introduction of ‘alien’ genes into a species, to modify it and this is certainly not a natural process. For example, GM Soya has been modified using genes that will make it resistant to certain herbicides, such as ’roundup’. Although this may seem like a good thing on the surface, what happens when the pollen from these GM foods is passed on to native species? Aspects like this seem to have been overlooked. It is also a worry, because genetic engineering can be very unpredictable and the damaging effects of GM foods irreversible; if left unconfined it could get out of control. It is possible to end up creating harmful characteristics – such as toxins – unawares. This doesn’t necessarily condemn GMOs but it proves the unpredictability of genetic manipulation. The establishment for GM foods is keen to cover up any findings, which may turn people against GM foods, (possibly due to the huge profits involved). One particular scientist, in a report from the ‘Rowett Research Institute’, had been independently researching the effects of GM potatoes on rats. What his studies found was that they had a detrimental effect on the immune system and the growth of the rats. However when the establishment found this out, this man was reduced from being a well-respected researcher to a ‘mad cap scientist’. Although it is agreed that genetically modifying grain to include beta-carotene (vitamin C) may aid hunger and poor eyesight problems in third world countries, there is a large-scale scandal going on among large biotech companies, who want to increase their already large profits. GM food production, gives larger firms a ‘loop hole’ in which they are able to abuse the power of modifying these crops to their own specification. Recently, there have been reports that these companies have developed ‘doomsday’ seeds, which they want to sell onto the world market – particularly the struggling third world. These seeds have been genetically modified, so that once they have grown, the seeds they produce will genetically destroy themselves. These seeds may be an excellent money-spinner for the firms who sell them, but surely it is morally and ethically wrong to sell such seeds to poor and starving countries? The companies also have the added leverage over other seed producers because they are able to genetically modify their plants to grow faster and thus their seeds are cheaper than others. These people in the third world will eventually be forced into a downward spiral of having to buy new crops every year, because they are unable to afford the more expensive ‘normal’ seeds. And what would happen if these genes happened to escape into the environment? GM â€Å"genes† may spread into wild populations with unpredictable and potentially harmful consequences; In this case, they may even cause crops to produce sterile seeds, which could have an adverse effect on the ecosystem. If we are to have confidence in GM foods, then larger businesses should be kept out of research. The way GM foods are being exploited by powerful corporations is a threat to democracy. These crops are unsustainable in light of longer-term plans and the great majority of the GM market is focussed more on profit rather than improving our diet. Insufficient testing has taken place to ensure their safety for public consumption. Research should be carried out independently, to assess whether such foods would be a benefit to our society and the effects it will have on the eco-system. Only then should they be allowed onto the market.

Global Financial Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2385 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Are Global Financial Markets are Efficient? Large-scale fiscal markets return enduring deliberating anxiety amidst a deepening financially viable depression. In spite of prevalent policies and laws, the worldwide financial structure remains under strong force. In addition, deterioration economic circumstances are producing new, large inscribe downs for monetary institutions. In reply, balance sheets are mortal cut backside through asset sales and the retiring of maturing credits. These trials have greater than before descending demands on asset prices and abridged gratitude accessibility. Modernize financial segment functionality and self-confidence is needed essentials of financial recovery. On the added hand, more brutal actions by both policymakers and market participants are desired to make sure that the required deliberating progression is less antisocial. A broad three-pronged come within reach of as well as liquidity provision, capital injections, and disposal of problem assets should be implemented wholly and hurriedly so as to give self-assurance equilibrium sheet sanitization. At the same time, worldwide cooperation will be necessary to make certain the policy coherence and consistency needed in the direction of restore fiscal organize. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Financial Markets" essay for you Create order https://www.ifc.org/gfm https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/statcom_09/seminars/global_financial_seminar/global_financial_stability.pdf Efficient-market hypothesis According to the well-organized marketplace premise, this resource that stocks forever buy and put up for sale at their pale worth on stock exchanges, and therefore it is not possible for investors to also buy undervalued stocks otherwise sell stocks for exaggerated prices. Thus, the bottom of the EMH is that it be supposed to be not possible to break the in general market from side to side expert stock assortment or marketplace timing, and that the merely way an saver can perhaps obtain superior proceeds is by purchasing riskier reserves. In the meantime, academics tip to a big corpse of proof in hold up of EMH, an equivalent quantity of opposition also exists. For example, investor such as Warren Buffet has time after time compressed the marketplace over long periods of time, which by definition is unfeasibility according to the EMH. Detractors of the EMH also tip to events such as the 1987 stock market crash (when the DJIA fell through over 20% in a on its own day) as confirmation that stock prices can gravely diverge from their fair standards. Discordant theory investment that a stocks cost is the same because its investment worth in a well-organized market, all information is completely and correct absent reflect in a stock cost. Price changes in a well-organized marketplace are evenly probable to be optimistic or unenthusiastic. The theory applies most straight to large companies trading on the chief securities interactions. The forms of the capable stock market are weak, semi-strong, and strong. In the scrawny form, no rapport exists flanked by prior and future stock prices. The informational value of historical information is by now built-in in present prices. Hence, studying preceding store prices is of no worth. In the semi-strong version, store prices adjust in a straight line to new information therefore use past documented event consequences in chance. All public information is reflecting in a stocks value. Consequently, basic analysis is not working in influential whether a supply is overestimated or undervalued. The assumption has been attack recently by critic who blames belief inside lucid markets for much of the current financial crisis, with noted financial reporter of late declaring The advantage of the in progress Great depression is that it might drive a wager from end to end the spirit of the school nostrum identified as the efficient-market theory. https://www.answers.com/topic/efficient-market-hypothesis Could the recent crises in Global Financial Markets have been predicted or prevented? Following their involvement in the two mortgage giants, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, U.S. officials announced far-reaching actions to depart wider market disruptions, together with plans to acquire troubled mortgage-related securities on a massive scale, as well as a one-year warranty of money market joint funds. Lastly, the announcement was made by the two major stand-alone investment banks that they were converting themselves into bank holding companies. Therefore financial tectonic plates moved, wiping away a large, independent investment bank that was viewed in mid-2007 generally as financial giants reaping huge earnings. Disorder in their financial systems also have been practiced by serious other countries. Two vital issues against this outlook The international economy has to face the macroeconomic implications of this financial storm, in combination with the chief goods market shocks of the recent year, and the housing downturns rising in a number of advanced economies? Previously, development is slowing in both higher and rising economies. There is an accord these days that the international economy is set to deteriorate more. Looking ahead, a major problem is about the slowdown that if the downturn will be profound and extended or if it will be low and will be followed by a steady revival. The policies apart from keeping inflation at a bay, can help to find route that would re-establish the financial system and sustain economic action? The challenges are overwhelming but as current progress shows that a number of the policy measures taken earlier in the happenings were not satisfactory to attain these fundamental goals. There is a need to turn to the policy actions that we see as essential to keep the international economy progressing, though avoiding the threat of either a quick downturn or significant decline in inflation forecast. Progress is there in the same direction highly developed and rising economies and efficiently concluding previous expectations of a growth decoupling and the development is decreasing all over. Main sophisticated economies is being followed by the marked delay in international action which are either practicing development far below potential or are close to depression. A- Housing and credit markets remain at the center of the hold back in the United States. B. Among feeble business and consumer emotion, terms of trade losses, weaker collaborator country expansion, the brunt of muscular currencies on trade, and tapering credit situation, the expansion slowdown has extended to Japan and Europe, C. Even though development in these sections remains high and near to trend, activity also is slowing down in rising and growing economies, in large part reflecting the power of domestic requirement. Since the 1990s, inflation has gone up around the world to the highest speed in spite of deteriorating international development forecast. Inflation speed up to about 4 percent in July, determined chiefly by oil value rises, in the highly developed economies. Nevertheless, goods prices now in recoil fundamental inflation has stayed controlled and inflation is anticipated to restrain rapidly, not enduring the current oil price increase. Prices of the goods remain elevated and unstable, but are anticipated to have withdrawn lately. While the pass-through to foodstuff cost may be more strained out than for oil and energy cost, the prices of chief agricultural supplies are modest .Nonetheless, new space for countercyclical financial can be generated if the tendency in supplies prices are constant. In highly developed economies, we look forward to the delay in activity to help control inflation. specified the downside risks to expansion and the ongoing strains of the financial disaster in advanced economies outside the United States, there could be scope to lower interest rates (including in the euro area and the United Kingdom) if activity slows and inflation moderates as we project. In addition, central banks have expanded the scope and duration of their liquidity support through rediscounting operations. In several cases, such as the UKs Special Liquidity Scheme, monetary authorities have developed innovative techniques to improve market liquidity. Evaluate the contributions of CHALES DOW, NICKOLAI KRONDRATIEFF and JOSEPH SCHUMPETER to Global Market Theory? A JOSEPH SCHUMPETER THEORY (1883-1950) In the first half of the 20th century the leading economic theoretician to study trade cycles was Joseph Schumpeter. Joseph Schumpeter can be regarded as a guy of the left, while surely not of the far gone. In 1927, Schumpeter printed in Economical his paper on The clarification of the business cycle. Eighty years after this paper was printed the global shock of banking crisis of 2008 took place and the world is again looking for explanations. The reason that Joseph Schumpeter is significant is that he puts its stress on industrial innovations in a theory of business cycles presented by him in spite of banking. Most business cycle theories are basically fiscal and put their stress on the other way. Maynard Keynes is also a fiscal economist as Milton Friedman when it comes to his interpretation of business cycles. Joseph Schumpeter begins his explanation of business cycles at the top rather than the bottom of the cycle. He explains These booms consist in carrying out of innovations in the industrial and commercial organisms. By innovations I understand such changes in the combinations of the factors of production as cannot be effected by infinitesimal steps or variations on the margin. They consist primarily in changes of methods of production and transportation, or in changes of industrial organization, or in the production of a new article, or in the opening up of new markets or of new sources of material. The recurring periods of prosperity of the cyclical movements are the form progress takes in a capitalist society. Joseph Schumpeter explains from economic history and his arguments had been successful and cannot be questioned. The reader desires just to make the research. but he comes to survey manufacturing the past from, say, 1760 onwards, he motivation discover two things; he will locate so as to very many booms are unmistakably characterized by revolutionary changes in some branch of industry which, in consequence, leads the boom, railways, for instance in the forties, or steel in the eighties, or electricity in the nineties ref www.dailyreckoning.com.au/business-cycle-joseph-schumpeter/2008/10/02 Joseph Schumpeters conclusion is stated very clearly: peek and consequently depressions are not the job of banks: their cause is a non-monetary one and entrepreneurs demand is the initialing cause even of so much of the cycle as can be said to be added by the act of banks. We have a conspicuous instance of a crash apparently caused through the banks, in 2008. It looks like the debt- depression type of crash. But we too have to account for oil, used for Google, for China. These are triggers which may be the original explanation of the behavior of the banks. The relationship among business cycles and changes in business situations may be mediated through bankers or people, but the big causes, as he believed, may not lie in banks themselves. CHARLES DOW THEORY The Charles Dow Theory test has been able to face all challenges successfully and its latest evidence is Russells primary bear market entitle based on the Dow Theory within September 1999. Different stock market analysts ignored him with his 1974 primary bull bazaar call. Many trading systems rise and fall but the Dow Theory has been a successful tool for the investor because it is not just a system, however a theory based on doctrine as first developed by Charles Dow. The six basic elements of Dow Theory as summed up by Hamilton, Rhea, and Schaefer are described below. ELEMENTS OF DOW THEORY Market Trends includes three phases: Charles Dow Theory states that chief market trends consist of three phases: A) An accumulation phase, B) Public contribution phase, C) Division phase. 2. The market includes three movements 3. Trends survive until definitive signals prove that they have ended 4. Trends are defined by volume: 5. Stock market averages must be substantiated: 6. All news is discounted by the stock market: NIKOLAI KONDRATIEFF (1892 1938) Professor Nikolai Kondratieffs research was from the period 1789 to 1926 and was concentrated on prices and interest rates. Kondratieffs theories were validated with the depression a smaller amount than 10 years later and recognized in the 1920. Four Phases of One Cycle A Kondratieff cycle includes four specific phases, or distinguishable, the nature of which explains the dealings of individuals concerned with the economy. The consciousness of these features allows for the eagerness of the modification in the economy. Inflationary Growth Phase, spring Inflation is assumed as a foreseeable portion of development among business cycle economists. Government plays the role of an inert contestant in the inflation cycle. Development starts and goes on expanding from a dejected economic base to an escalating spiral. Wealth is originated because of the dealings of the contestant in the economy that is represented by savings, and the manufacture of capital equipment for the future storage. Prices go up because of the wealth and growth of production, and a higher velocity of money is required for amplified volume of goods, therefore making a higher price structure. Stagflation (Recession),Summer Ultimately, the extension of exponential development reaches its limits. A lack of key resources is created by surplus capital and the economy reaches a stage where development leads to a scarcity of resources. An economy will only carry on increasing to the limits of both human and material resources. A change in approach towards work leads to the mood of the prosperity. Inefficiencies are the resultant of the economy that gets closer to its limits. Deflationary Growth (Plateau Period), autumn The most important recession takes place because of a disparity enforced by real restrictions upon the economy. Correction of this imbalance takes place for the time being because of the modification in production and quick increase in prices. The mood of a population along with the variation in price structure followed by the huge storage of assets, causes the economy to reach a stage of fairly flat expansion and placid success. The economy becomes consumption oriented because of the structural alterations and the limits of the accessible pattern Depression, winter Nikolai Kondratieff observed depression as cleansing periods that permitted the economy to readjust from the earlier excesses and start a base for future development. In the Secondary Depression or Down Grade, the feature of satisfying the hope of the prior period of development is realized. This is a stage of incremental modernization where technologies of the past stage of growth extensively circulated, made cheaper and developed. https://stockcharts.com/school/doku.php?id=chart_school:market_analysis:dow_theory https://www.moneyweek.com/news-or-charts/economics/kondratieff-wave-theory-a-it-any-use.aspx https://www.jstor.org/pss/1884555